New York 1 multimedia journalist Colleen Hagerty reported in this story about the program: NY1: Wagner College remembers Kristallnacht Watch on After Kristallnacht, the streets and sidewalks of Jewish communities were littered with broken glass from vandalized buildings, giving rise to the names Crystal Night or Night of Broken Glass. The Nazis held the German-Jewish community responsible for the damage and imposed a collective fine of $400 million (in 1938 rates), according to the U.S. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [76], After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel Gonzlez Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durn and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. [39] The SA and Hitler Youth shattered the windows of about 7,500 Jewish stores and businesses, hence the name Kristallnacht (Crystal Night), and looted their goods. During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. This, plus his ensuing anti-Semitic comments, permanently stained his status as an American hero. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. Definition. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. Nearly 100 Jews were murdered during the violence. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. "Silence and Outrage: Reassessing the Complex Christian Response to Kristallnacht in English-Speaking Canada. TTY: 202.488.0406. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. It's So Useless 9. D. philosophe. However, on the night of November 9, all that changed dramatically. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. READ MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. Gring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had done in two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg. [60], In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. "[26] Conditions in the refugee camps "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.[27]. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. Meg Wiviott is the author of the award winning picture book BENNO AND THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS, which tells the story of Kristallnacht through the eyes of a cat. The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side. A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. . The turning point. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920s hyperinflation and subsequent Great Depression. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. [5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as deforestation and ozone depletion, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust. The broken window fallacy is often used to discredit the idea that going to war stimulates a country's economy. A newspaper in Britain described the last move, which cut off the Jewish populace from their leaders, as "intended to disrupt the Jewish community and rob it of the last frail ties which hold it together. [3] The name Kristallnacht (literally 'Crystal Night') comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . 63 terms. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. The night of broken glass A Jewish refugee's assassination of a German official in Paris in 1938 sparked the German attack on Jews known as Kristallnacht Wed 9 Sep 2009 07.05 EDT Kristallnacht:. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. November 9th 1938. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. "[16], Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. In The. [77] Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia, Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. Jews could no longer gain admittance to German theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. Sweep the area as clean as possible after the larger broken pieces are picked up. Long took an obstructionist role in granting visas to European Jews, and maintained this policy even when America entered World War II after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 78 ed.). Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . Holocaust Memorial Museum. I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. Identify the original Greek. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. By December 1938, Jews were banned from most public places in Germany. Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. destroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. [84], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1993 album Kristallnacht by the composer John Zorn. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. Berlin: Argon. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. 16)". Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. [93], Kristallnacht was publicly referenced on 10 January 2021 by the former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in a speech decrying the actions of President Donald Trump and the attack he incited on the U.S. Capitol on 6 January. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. New York: Praeger, 1990. What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. 13 terms. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Corrections? Feeling Blank Again 5. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. Soon after Adolf Hitler became Germanys chancellor in January 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them to persecution. 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