The . Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. 57-100 discuss issues of resistance and collaboration. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. 22. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. of British Colonial Nigeria. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. Between 1919 and 1954 the title reverted to governor. The similarity between the federal and regional constitutions was deceptive, however, and the conduct of public affairs reflected wide differences among the regions. [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. Although colonial rule appeared secure in the first two decades of the 20th century, the British struggled to keep control of their Nigerian colony and continued to do so until Nigeria became independent in 1960. Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. September 1996. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. Over the next decades as colonial rule became institutionalized, African resistance to colonialism became more focused and intense. Instead, acts of resistance were usually prompted by some new colonial policy - like taking away land, or forcing people to pay a tax, or forcing them to work for free on roads or railways. How did Algerias resistance to French control differ rom East africas resistance to German rule. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. Following Lugards success in the north, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Hon. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. These changes included taking land from African people and giving it to the growing number of Europeans in the colonies. Britain outlawed slavery in 1807 and pushed for forms of "legitimate commerce" such as palm oil and cotton, and in so doing developed an internal infrastructure to facilitate these markets. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. [17] In 1767, British traders facilitated a notorious massacre of hundreds of people at Calabar after inviting them onto their ships, ostensibly to settle a local dispute. Nigeria is a country in West Africa and was colonized by the British in 1884 during a slave trade (Alme). The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. Early British Imperialism. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. The British accomplished the colonization by using its military. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the opening of the American Embassy in Lagos and of the Nigerian Embassy in Washington, both on 1 October 1960, the same day which Nigeria acquired its independence from British rule. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. Initially, most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri Kingdom, Awka and other Igbo peoples. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. The British Empire, once known as "the empire where the sun never sets," is the most powerful political entity in the history of the world. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. After independence, tensions that had been building between two . Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. tax. 19, no. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. Later Nigerian troops were sent to East Africa. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. Quiz. Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. The growth of Islam in pre-colonial Igbomina / Adesina Yusuf Raji. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action Group. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. All these things which I have said the Fulani by conquest took the right to do now pass to the British. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Published August 7, 2020. In the twentieth century, Lagos became a center for resistance to colonial rule. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. After the Willink Commission examined and reported on this issue in 1958, independence was granted. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. Decolonization Resource Collection (National History Center) Less Scrambling, more Reflecting: Teaching about colonialism in Africa from the perspective of resistance by Bram Hubbel, February 9, 2019. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. Dike, K. O. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. In: The Journal of African History: (1990 . In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in December 1959; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. In 1960, the country attained independence from British rule. How did Africans resist c. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. African Resistance to Colonial Rule (Talten, Africana Age) LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. In 1922 Kamerun was divided under a League of Nations mandate between France and Britain, Britain administering its area within the government of Nigeria; after 1946 the mandated areas were redesignated as a United Nations (UN) trust territory. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". In 1929, this incident in Nigeria later became one of the reasons for the fight against colonial rule in Africa A) The Nigerian Oil crisis B) The Aba Women's Revolt C) . By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. However, it is thought that the Nigerians themselves were providing the . The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. The company negotiated treaties with Sokoto, Gwandu and Nupe that were interpreted as guaranteeing exclusive access to trade in return for the payment of annual tribute. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. Selected petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light on how women navigated . [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. They took the right to rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. Ajay. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. At that time many scholars believed that Nigeria was able to develop into a stable and fast-growing state due to its huge potential. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. . His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. How did British keep Nigerians from developing organized political resistance. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. resistance and successfully imposed colonial rule should attest to the point that African military resistance was ineffectual. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Lagos became a major slave port in the late 1700s and into the 1850s. Inteno Fiberkonverter Blinkar, Herkules Flygplan Fakta, Kraftvrme Frdelar Och Nackdelar, Infllt Mtarskp Utomhus . He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. Du Bois. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the . Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. In: Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: (1999), vol. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. I will be dealing almost exclusively with the areas of East and Central Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe - where a more or less coherent debate can be seen. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. The Royal Niger Company established its headquarters far inland at Lokoja, which was the main trading port of the company,[34] from where it began to assume responsibility for the administration of areas along the Niger and Benue rivers where it maintained depots. Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika) 4. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. 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