Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. 1. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. Sage Research Methods. Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Author. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click (2005). 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. (2004). Affiliation It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Assessment, 9, 164-170. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). The study also provides BDI-II community norms. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). The normative sample included outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky who were used as part of the measure development for the BDI-II. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . Read our. Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Once a person completes the short questionnaire, the scoring is straightforward and simple. 2020;10(1):108. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. (1998). Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. The validity and reliability of the test were . Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 361-374. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Cons: 1. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Objective assessment of secondary trauma. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. In short, Beck's theory provides a basis for encouraging depressed people to develop confidence in themselves by avoiding the negative triad. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Dozois, D.J.A., Dobson, K.S., & Ahnberg, M.J.L. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). (2014, January 28). Carmody D. P. (2005). Smarr KL, Keefer AL. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29-42. 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. (1998). First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). Steer et al. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. Or not? They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. The total score (ranging . The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. 2. 7. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most popular assessments of depression today. prezi.com. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. 4. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". 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