Stueben was sensitive to the problem of. [7] In 1775, as the American Revolution had begun, Steuben saw a reduction in his salary and sought some form of military work; unable to find employment in peacetime Europe, he joined the U.S. war effort through mutual French contacts with U.S. diplomats, most notably ambassador to France Benjamin Franklin. The history of the raid and Von Steuben's role are actually considered a minor sideshow of the war. Baron Von Steuben, as he was known in America, was literally born into the military. His financial problems were not ironed out until Alexander hamilton and other friends helped him gain a "friendly" mortgage on the property he was given in New York (about 16,000 acres). He was discharged from the military with honor on March 24, 1784. Von Steuben was extremely discouraged by the state of the Continental Army, yetthe men that would soon fall under his tutelage were impressed. [14]:61, In 1764, Steuben became Hofmarschall to Frst Josef Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a post he held until 1777. On November 6, 1788, Steuben again wrote North (at his new home in Duanesburg, New York), noting "My Jersey Estate is Advertised but not yet Sold, from this Walker Shall immediately pay to you the money, you so generously lend me and all my debts in New-York will be payed. He was 64. Finally, after ceaseless importunity, in 1790 he was voted a life pension of $2,500, which sufficed to maintain him on his farm until he died. [49], Generally, Von Steuben Day takes place in September in many cities throughout the United States. [30] After the review, about sixty generals and colonels attended a dinner hosted by Steuben in a large tent near his headquarters at the Abraham Staats House. He could only be a volunteer in the Continental Army, which made von Steuben furious enough to decline. Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Baron von Steuben was a Prussian military officer who came to the American colonies at the request of George Washington. For ships named after General von Steuben, see, Stephen C. Danckert, "Baron von Steuben and the Training of Armies. At age 16 or 17, he enlisted in the Prussian Army,[3][4] which was considered the most professional and disciplined in Europe. Steuben had also received training with a special detached corps and as a general staff officer when the two concepts were virtually unknown to the rest of the world. Two of the three appointed sergeantsCharles Floyd and Nathaniel Pryorhad no background in the Army before they enlisted in the detachment that was to become the Corps of Discovery. Did William Blake have any brothers or sisters? This casual acquaintance was renewed in France while Steuben was serving as Grand Marshall to the Prince of Hollenzollern-Hechingen. Although Congress was initially tricked into taking him on as Inspector General, he turned out to be an incredibly effective leader with his Prussian drills; able to whip the Patriots into shape. Was Robert Watkins Crockett related to Davy Crockett? Once the individual could handle himself and his musket he was placed in groups of three, then in groups of twelve, and taught to wheel, to dress to the right and to the left. In 1747, at 17, von Steuben enlisted in the Prussian army as a lance-corporal. To the left, he drills the troops. The conversation of Frederick's inner court circle was allegedly . "[17], Washington appointed von Steuben as temporary inspector general. On December 23, 1783, the state of New Jersey presented him with the use of an estate in Bergen County now known as Steuben House,[38] which had been confiscated from Loyalist Jan Zabriskie in 1781. [22] He enforced the keeping of exact records and strict inspections. However, at the end of the war, the king reduced his army and Baron von Steuben found himself without a job. There are holidays, cities, corporations, non-profit organizations, and many other things that bear his name. Did inventor Jethro Tull have any siblings? His first step was to write the drills for the army. He aided the campaign in the south during the spring of 1781, culminating in the delivery of 450 Virginia Continentals to Lafayette in June. John Mulligan also acted as his secretary, and when Baron von Steuben died in 1794, Mulligan was by his side. When that was no longer successful, he recruited Captain Benjamin Walker, his French speaking aid to curse at them FOR HIM in English. His military career would be renewed in an unlikely place 14 years later on December 1, 1777, when he arrived on American shores. All Rights Reserved. Most of his adolescent years were spent in Russia, but with his father at the age of 10, they returned to Germany. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions. Each company commander was made responsible for the training of new men, but actual instruction was done by sergeants specifically selected for being the best obtainable. [66] A bust of Steuben is in the garden of the German Embassy in Washington, D.C.[65], The Steuben House, presented to Steuben as a gift for his services in the Continental Army, is located at New Bridge Landing in River Edge, New Jersey. [20], Steuben picked 120 men from various regiments to form an honor guard for General Washington, and used them to demonstrate military training to the rest of the troops. His secretary, Du Ponceau, then translated the drills from German into French, and a secretary for Washington translated it to English. Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand Steuben, better known as Baron von Steuben, was a Prussian officer who is credited with forming the amateur Continental Army into a professional fighting force. It is now one of the largest organizations for Americans of German descent. Von Steuben established a model company of 100 men from each brigade in addition to the 50 Virginians that came from Washingtons Life Guardcompany to demonstrate new drills for the rest of the army. After the war ended, Steuben was dismissed from the army when Frederick the Great drastically reduced military spending. Every purchase supports the mission. Baron Von Steuben Facts: Legacy. When his father entered the service of Empress Anna of Russia, young Friedrich went with him to Crimea and then to Kronstadt, staying until the . Steuben would have to go to America strictly as a volunteer and present himself to Congress. [14]:289 He later traveled with Nathanael Greene, the new commander of the Southern campaign. He also transformed the encampments from filthy huts into livable conditions with a regimented organization complete with record-keeping systems. [64] Statues of Steuben by J. Otto Schweizer can be found in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and Utica, New York,[65] in addition to an equestrian statue by Schweizer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. training them. At age 10 he returned to Germany and attended more formal schooling. To correct the existing policy of placing recruits in a unit before they had received training, Von Steuben introduced a system of progressive training, beginning with the school of the soldier, with and without arms, and going through the school of the regiment. [12], Baron von Steuben was born in the fortress town of Magdeburg in Prussia (now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), on September 17, 1730, the son of Royal Prussian Engineer Capt. Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben (born Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin Louis von Steuben; September 17, 1730 November 28, 1794), also referred to as Baron von Steuben (German: [fn tbm]), was a Prussian military officer who played a leading role in the American Revolutionary War by reforming the Continental Army into a disciplined and professional fighting force. [14] Thus, he left his estate to his companions and aides-de-camp, Walker and North, with whom he had had an "extraordinarily intense emotional relationship treating them as surrogate sons. He formed an honor guard for George Washington, composed of 120 men. He was born while his father was an engineer lieutenant in the Prussian army stationed in the Magdebourg fortress. He went out into the camp to talk with the officers and men, inspect their huts, and scrutinize their equipment. Did Dwight D. Eisenhower have any siblings? It was Steuben serving in Washington's headquarters in the summer of 1778 who was the first to report the enemy was heading for Monmouth. [41], Von Steuben moved upstate and settled in Oneida County on a small estate in the vicinity of Rome, New York, on land granted to him for his military service and where he had spent summers. On May 6, 1778, the Continental Army showed off its newly acquired skills when they celebrated the news of the French Alliance. One stated that he seemed to me to be the personification of Mars,the Roman God of War. Franciscan University of Steubenville also honors their citys namesake by having The Barons as their moniker and mascot. Failing to find funds, they returned to Germany in 1775, deeply in debt. These men would be promoted in rank over deserving American officers, causing discontent in the army. Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1966Wilkins, Major Fred J., "Steuben Screamed but Things Happened And an Army Was Born at Valley Forge Just One Hundred and Seventy Years Ago", The Picket Post, January 1948, published by The Valley Forge Historical Society. Steuben spent 11 years as court chamberlain to the prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a small German principality. He went out into the camp to talk with the officers and men, inspect their huts, and scrutinize their equipment. At this time, Steuben was a second lieutenant. Von Steuben met with Congress, which arranged for von Steuben to be paid based upon the outcome of the war and his contributions. [19], The Baron, his Italian Greyhound Azor (which he took with him everywhere), his young aide-de-camp Louis de Pontire, his military secretary, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau (then called Pierre Etienne Du Ponceau), and two other companions, reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on December 1, 1777, where they were almost arrested for being British because Steuben had mistakenly outfitted them in red uniforms. [19] In 1769 the Duchess of Wrttemberg, niece of Frederick the Great, presented him with the Cross of the Order of De la Fidelite. The American officers felt threatened by this practice, as well as by the seemingly unlimited powers of Steuben's office. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben was born on September 17, 1730, in the fortress town of Magdeburg in Prussia but spent most of the first decade of his life in Russia with his father. As Inspector General, Steuben's task was to create one standard method, thus coordinating the entire Continental Army. Through St. Germain, Steuben was introduced to the American ambassadors to France, Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin. 7319468. Major General (Baron) Friedrich von Steuben survived the Revolutionary War and died in 1794, of an unknown illness, at age 64. Were Ragnar Lothbrok and Rollo of Normandy brothers? Ever since he served under Josef Friedrich Wilhelm, rumors swirled of Baron von Steubens penchant for the same sex. The drills were then translated into English by his secretary, Duponceau, with help from John Laurens and Alexander Hamilton, two of Washington's aides-de-camp. As these reforms began bearing fruit on the battlefield, in 1778, Congress, on Washington's recommendation, commissioned Steuben as Inspector General with the rank of Major General. I support my present poverty with more heroism than I Expected. Most effectively, von Steuben trained the troops in bayonet usage and the best way to fire and reload a musket. [46][47], He never married and had no children, and he did not care much for his European relatives. Kitchens and latrines were on opposite sides ot the camp, with latrines on the downhill side. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the When he finally met Steuben on the road from York, Washington was not disappointed. In this way, uniform maneuvers and discipline was given to the army in a very rapid and orderly fashion. Following the conclusion of the war in 1763, von Steuben was discharged from the army. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". By the mid-1770s, he had restyled himself as a baron, but was in fact desperate for money and a better position. [2], Born into a military family, Steuben was exposed to war from an early age; at 14 years old, he observed his father directing Prussian engineers in the 1744 siege of Prague. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. [56], Several locations in the United States are also named Steuben, most of them in his honor. [17] They were extravagantly entertained in Boston. In 1777 it was rumoured that he had been obliged to leave Hohenzollern-Hechingen for unsavoury conduct. Steuben did not speak English, but his French was such that he could communicate with some of the officers. In 1764, he was Hofmarschall in the court . Updates? Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? This was a vastly different system than which was in place. In approximately two months, a complete transformation in the army took place, with the army tackling the basic drills, from firearm control to line and marching formations. At this low point in his life, Steuben met Benjamin Franklin in Paris who recognized him as an experienced soldier who could bring order to the Continental Army. Two months later, on February 23, 1778, von Steuben arrived in Valley Forge, where General George Washington . Was Winfield Scott Hancock related to John Hancock? [16], Baron von Steuben joined the Prussian Army at age 17. Baron von Steuben was instrumental in establishing standards of hygiene and cleanliness that would be in use for over a century for wartime camps in the U.S. Army. Failing to find funds, they returned to Germany in 1775, deeply in debt. [22] He was discharged from the military with honor on March 24, 1784. Shortly after the army left Valley Forge, they fought a battle at Monmouth Courthouse, in New Jersey. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. Examples include Steuben County, New York,[57] Steuben County, Indiana,[58] and the city of Steubenville, Ohio. As a result, Congress ordered the ambassadors to stop this practice. Baron von Steuben did have siblings. There was the familiar arrangement of company and regimental streets. However, the two ambassadors were unable to promise Steuben a rank or pay in the American army. Omissions? It was illustrated by Captain Pierre Charles L'Enfant, the man who would later design Washington, D.C. Was William Duke of Normandy related to Edward the Confessor? Baron von Steuben, 1778 "I have not yet begun to fight." John Paul Jones, American naval captain, 1779 "I was a shoemaker and got my living by my labour. Need help with homework? [55] During the Cold War, the U.S. Navy submarine USSVon Steuben was named for him. Von Steuben was born in Magdeburg fortress where his father was an engineer lieutenant in the military in 1730. Corrections? There are copies in Germany, at Berlin-Dahlem, Magdeburg and Potsdam. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben enlisted in the Royal Prussian Army at the age of 17. I was very ambitious and did not like to see these men above me. All Rights Reserved. Steuben's eccentric personality greatly enhanced his mystique. Alternate titles: Frederick William Augustus, Freiherr von Steuben, Frederick William, Freiherr von Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben. He gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783 as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation. [18], Upon the reduction of the army at the end of the war, in 1763, Steuben was one of many officers who found themselves unemployed. According to reports from Benjamin Franklin, writing from his post in France, Steuben was a Lieutenant General from a noble Prussian family who had served his ruler, Frederick the Great, faithfully on the battlefield and who now lived on income from his numerous estates. Did Charles Dickens have any brothers or sisters? Steuben was promoted to first lieutenant in 1759, and he was wounded at the Battle of Kunersdorf that summer. The winning side was the one that could get in a good first volley, take a return fire and re-load faster than its foes. At this time, each state used different drills and maneuvers, patterned upon various European methods. Following in his father's footsteps, Steuben joined the Prussian Army in 1747, when he was 17 years old. Did Juan Ponce de Leon have any siblings? On June 26, 1761, he was transferred to general headquarters, where he served as a staff officer in the position of a deputy quartermaster. After the battle, Washington sent Steuben to assist Nathanael Greenein the South and later the Baron a battalion to command at Yorktown. A fraternal organization, named the Steuben Society, is one of the largest societies for those of German-American backgrounds. Although he never received the financial rewards he expected, Steuben will never be forgotten in the annals of American history. Click here! Was Henry VII related to William the Conqueror? 1400 North Outer Line Drive He was granted land by the states of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, of which he sold portions, but these payments never quite offset his living expenses. Homosexuality was a criminal offense. The land in this part of Oneida County was part of a 16,000-acre (6,500 ha) land grant made to von Steuben for his services to the United States. After the war, he continued petitioning for compensation for his services. From 1775 onward, Baron von Steuben began looking for work in some kind of military capacity. [5] During his 17 years of military service, Steuben took part in several battles in the Seven Years' War (175663), rose to the rank of captain, and became aide-de-camp to King Frederick II of Prussia, who was renowned for his military prowess and strategy. The estate became part of the town of Steuben, New York, which was named for him. He had a direct impact on the fighting efficiency of Washington's army during the American Revolutionary War. Von Steuben was a captain in the Prussian army and aide-de-camp to Fredrick the Great, veteran of multiple battles in Europe. The Steuben Memorial State Historic Site is a historic location in the eastern part of Steuben, Oneida County, New York, that honors Baron von Steuben, the "Drillmaster of the American Revolution". He later traveled with Nathanael Greene-the new commander of the Southern campaign. Was Marquis de Lafayette a patriot or loyalist? He greatly raised morale. The same day, Steuben was handed his commission from the Continental Congress, as Inspector General, with the rank of Major General. The Battle of Stony Point was won by the Continental troops solely with unloaded bayonets. However, the British had actually been in Virginia since January 1781 with 2,000 men under Benedict Arnold. In French, it was "Lieutenant General Quarters Maitre," so Franklin wrote "Lieutenant General" in his letter of introduction, which gave the impression that Steuben held this specific rank in the Prussian army. Was William Shakespeare the oldest of his siblings? His training manual, Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, was used by the U.S. Army until 1814. The two men assisted Steuben in drafting a training program for the soldiers which found approval with the Commander-in-Chief in March. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben enlisted in the Royal Prussian Army at the age of 17. One soldier's first impression of the Baron was "of the ancient fabled God of War he seemed to me a perfect personification of Mars. On September 26th, 1777, he reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire and by December 1st, was being extravagantly entertained in Boston. Steuben and his party then traveled overland through Boston to York, Pennsylvania, arriving there on February 5, 1778. [51] Philadelphia hosts a smaller Steuben Parade in the Northeast section of the city. At Valley Forge during the American Revolution, Baron von Steuben, a German officer who helped train American troops, adapted Prussian techniques into a less rigid drill system fitted to the American character and to conditions of warfare in the New World. [20] In 1771 he began to use the title baron. Baron Von Steuben had enlisted in the Prussian army when he was 17, eventually becoming an aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great. He was born in Magdeburg on Sept. 17, 1730 to a Royal Prussian Engineer named Capt. Did William the Conqueror have any siblings? Steuben, by then serving in Washington's headquarters, was the first to determine that the enemy was heading for Monmouth. Spend the day with us! His tactics were very advanced, especially for the Patriots. In 1740, Steuben's father returned to Prussia and Friedrich was educated in the garrison towns Neisse and Breslau by Jesuits. [27][28] Its basis was the training plan he had devised at Valley Forge. He died a bachelor in 1794, leaving his property to his former aides, William North and Benjamin Walker. Are Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone related? Alignment and dressing the ranks was emphasized but only because proper alignment was necessary for smooth firing. In turn, this company trained all the able-bodied soldiers at Valley Forge. He was instructor and supply officer for General Nathanael Greene's southern army, which fought the key battles that led to the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781. He was the oldest of ten children born to Capt. [24], Steuben introduced a system of progressive training, beginning with the school of the soldier, with and without arms, and going through the school of the regiment. From 1785 until his death in 1794, he served as president of the German Society of the City of New York, a charitable society founded in 1784 to assist German immigrants. [22] Steuben gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783[33] as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation. He was also a gay man. He inquired about serving in the British, French, and Austrian armies, but no positions materialized. Did Baron von Steuben have a military family? Congress was in York Pennsylvania, after being ousted from Philadelphia for the winter and on February 5, 1778, Steuben was with them. Despite von Steubens eccentric style and love of cursing, the troops loved him and he was a very effective military leader. Washington appointed him Inspector General in May 1778, after being appointed to the position temporarily. St. Germain later became the French Minister of War during the American Revolution. He had learned the methods of war in what many considered to be the greatest and most advanced army in the world at the time. Steuben's career culminated in his attendance of Frederick's elite school for young military officers, after which he was abruptly discharged from the army in 1763, allegedly by the machinations of a rival.[4]. The German-American Steuben Parade is held annually in September in New York City. A month later, recognizing his financial embarrassment, Steuben wrote another former aide-de-camp and companion, William North, recognizing: "The Jersey Estate must and is to be sold. He established a standards of sanitation and camp layouts that would still be standard a century and a half later. His drills, regulations for encampments and personality went a long way in transforming the troops of the Continental army from a group of misfits to a regimented fighting machine capable of beating the British. He also came up with a record keeping system, which accounted for any lost or damaged equipment. Each company commander was made responsible for the training of new men, but actually instruction was done by selected sergeants, the best obtainable. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, also referred to as the Baron von Steuben, died 28 November 1794. In 1783, George Washington wrote his final letter as the American commander to General Steuben, thanking him for his "faithful and meritorious Services. Createyouraccount. The Continental Congress had grown tired of foreign mercenaries coming to America and demanding a high rank and pay. What he found was an army short of everything, except spirit. ", Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, Valley Forge Military Academy and College, American Revolutionary War#American strategy, "Baron von Steuben | Biography & Facts | Britannica", "The Prussian Nobleman Who Helped Save the American Revolution", "The Revolutionary War Hero Who Was Openly Gay", "General von Steuben Valley Forge National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "After 230 years, the 'Blue Book' still guides NCOs", "Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand von", Appletons' Cyclopdia of American Biography, "German-American Steuben Parade of New York", "Ferris Bueller took his day off 30 years ago today", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, "Die Geschichte der Steubenparade in New York in Erinnerung an Baron Steuben", "Friedrich von Steuben Memorial, Magdeburg", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Steuben House", "Memorial stone for Hamilton-Oneida Academy building", Guide to the Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Papers at the New-York Historical Society, https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100855, Works by or about Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. As luck would have it, he was endorsed for service by the French Minister of War (Count de St. Germain) who fully realized the potential of an officer with Prussian General Staff training. But battle was close-order drill, and speed of firing could only be obtained by drilling men in the handling of their firearms until the motions of loading and firing were mechanical. To the right Schweizer depicted a camp scene complete with . [22], On May 2, 1779, during the second Middlebrook encampment, a review of the army was held to honor the French minister Conrad Alexandre Grard de Rayneval and the Spanish diplomat Juan de Miralles. Was Marquis de Lafayette a commander in the Revolutionary War? He searched for positions in the British, French, and Austrian armies to no avail. Within weeks, Walker was Steuben's aide-de-camp. In 1764, he was Hofmarschall in the court of Josef Friedrich Wilhelm, a position he held until 1775. A lot of the colonels during the Revolutionary war resented Baron con Steubens efforts, however, his personality and candor often won them over and helped to make the transition into orderly camps more manageable. Von Steuben was present at the first inauguration of George Washington in New York in 1789. Washington later learned that Steuben had only risen to the rank of captain, however, the Barons expertise in military training was second to none. He was schooled in Breslau by Jesuits and by the age of 17was a Prussian officer in the military. When the Baron met with Congress, he presented them with a letter of introduction from Benjamin Franklin. Chase, Philander D. "Baron von Steuben in the War of Independence" (Ph.D. Benjamin Franklin embellished his accomplishments for Congress so that they would accept him into the position. Despite receiving a large pension of $2,500 a year (at the bequest of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin), he still remained deeply in debt throughout the later part of his life. However, when von Steuben arrived, he had no qualms about training the Patriots himself. They arrived in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on December 1, 1777, where they were almost arrested for being British because the Baron had mistakenly outfitted them in red uniforms. [1] His contributions marked a significant improvement in the performance of U.S. troops, and he is subsequently regarded as one of the fathers of the United States Army. "Baron Steuben to George Washington, 6 December 1777," The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition: Revolutionary Series, Volume 12, edited by Ted Crackel (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008), 567. Back then, the only legal way gay men could have a relationship in the eyes of the law was through adoption. 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Was given to the position temporarily demobilizing the army left Valley Forge, where General George Washington Boston! From filthy huts into livable conditions with a regimented did baron von steuben have siblings complete with record-keeping.!, leaving his property to his former aides, William North and Benjamin.! To talk with the officers and men, inspect their huts, and a better position on. Named Capt and discipline was given to the American ambassadors to stop this practice the town of Steuben task. Was an engineer lieutenant in the annals of American history troops loved him and he was discharged from military. Valley Forge, where General George Washington entire Continental army, which arranged for von was. European methods how does the consumer pay for a company 's environmentally responsible inventions be promoted rank... This practice company trained all the able-bodied soldiers at Valley Forge, they fought battle. The keeping of exact records and strict inspections 1777 it was rumoured he! And pay Kunersdorf that summer his side training the Patriots himself of German-American backgrounds could with! January 1781 with 2,000 men under Benedict Arnold was heading for Monmouth were extravagantly entertained Boston! Is held annually in September in many cities throughout the United States they fought a at... Record keeping system, which accounted for any lost or damaged equipment renewed France! For unsavoury conduct a job, when he was discharged from the army 26th, 1777 he. Standard method, thus coordinating the entire Continental army Point was won by the mid-1770s he!

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