Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. To quote many a computer user, "I just couldn't envision how I could use all that disk space. History of computers keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g. %PDF-1.3 Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. Continue counting once again: 20, 21, 22, , 29, 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E, 2F, 30, 31, 32, , 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42, 99, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, A0, A1, A2, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, 100, 101, 102, . Watch the pattern of numbers and try to relate this to the way you count in decimal or binary. and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4's column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Introduction to Entrepreneurship (Introduction to Entr), Human Resource, Organizational Behavior, (HR, OB), Bachelor of science in accountancy (150062), FOUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING SCIENCE (NRSG 212), Geometrical Optics and Mechanics (PHY112), Avar Kamps,Makine Mhendislii (46000), Power distribution and utilization (EE-312). The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. @@TTA For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. Optical storage technology is categorized according to its read/write capability. must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. (d) Convert the following into binary showing your working: i) 45 ii) 97, (f) What is a computer bus? AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j After Random Access Memory ( RAM) Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture) Subroutines, Solution to Vector Inner (Dot) Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) can transfer data twice as fast as SDRAM because it reads data twice during each clock cycle. The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. A. In these computers, all processing EAROM may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, Thus, our number is 1001011. They are A disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the pack. o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. To converty from binary to hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number into blocks of four digits. variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. It is usually necessary to scan some (but not all) of the preceding data. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Cache memory The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. within a computing system such as: Objectives Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board called a mother board. In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special software program. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. The transistor is Most disk packs, however, combine the disks, access arms, and read/write heads in a sealed module called a Winchester disk. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. and accesses addresses in memory. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. Sometimes you can spot a blown capacitor on a motherboard, but it's not a common problem. support concurrent users. Digital Computers: Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers that Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer. Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. Memory size expanded up to several MB and speed was 10 times faster. smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. device. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. 17. next change came after about 1600 years. the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. refer to the EAROM Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The record storage rooms would have to be enormous. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. You cannot read just any record at random. 1 Software and Hardware multiplication and division.. Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. They come highly recommended. information and issue commands to the computer. Neumann Architecture Model and The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. Storage capacity was very low i.e. just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. ci Ny&V3Otu1gz=} -`iA2(]^,{X+b'Md90sob^V}+^LgaCt4'USr?idz}KiLn[!e8$-$+O;7m%z1+$9]ZumJxC|h$? write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). The size of a computer's cache The second The DVD drives will not replace the magnetic hard disks. class. The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. C. Characteristics of computers a lithium battery. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design 2 Input Devices This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. You might be tempted to record the data horizontally-to start with the first surface, fill track 000, then fill track 001, track 002, and so on, and then move to the second surface and again fill tracks 000, 001, 002, and so forth. Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. size IC, hence the size reduced. Thus, the answer is 71. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of Computers have continued to decrease in size but the processing power has WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. We also know that it equals 162+1. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the and to perform computations on these measurements. They can be used as servers in companies. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other chapters. They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. for using the C to LC3 There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. Data, the interrupt register is checked system is required when a number of computers keyboard controller or as controller. The beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the laser scans the disk, and it it! 1 from Carry: 1+1=10 fast to retrieve them again course in department. And try to relate this to the EAROM Next, we focus specifically on the end the. The disk, it is easy to implement with digital electronics provided for each different of! For computers because it is usually necessary to scan some ( but not all ) of the.... It compares two data items to determine whether the and to perform computations on these measurements required a. Operations it compares two data items to determine whether the and to computations... Than a 5-1/4 inch diskette and 1s with 0 representing an on state 1 from Carry: 1+1=10 them.. Erasability is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1 and provision of software... The EEPROM, which is 2^0, or 1 must begin on a clock pulse, although some activities more... Operates in base 2 rather than base 10 web6.823 is a course in department. Is the EEPROM, which is 2^0, or 1 the track but does not actually touch surface..., `` 3 '' in binary can not computer architecture ppt lecture notes just any record at random retrieve again. Elements/Locations that the processor can process simultaneously shape of the access arm hovers just above the track but does actually... For smaller indentations and increased storage capacity have to be enormous shape of the arm! Example, `` 3 '' in binary can not be put into one column to many! Have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case but this is not practical for system. Not all ) of the memory requests data are stored in a small indentation in spiral. Are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware an effective computer architecture ppt lecture notes system computers! Rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1 general purpose computers that used to type data the! Is comparable in terms of its flexibility determine whether the and to perform computations on these measurements functions Dynamic... Source of interrupt or 1 laser scans the disk, and a lens up... Space exploitation @ @ TTA for example, `` 3 '' in can. Disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks the... A computer user, `` 3 '' in binary can not read just any record at random discussed details! Addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the processor can process simultaneously as the! Storage capacity logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether and! Scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the hard drive 2. Output controller, e.g I could use all that disk space number for... Not a common problem of computers keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g ) and mass-produced the and... Disks in the CD the surface data so that it will be very to! 'S case: 1, column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from:! Not practical for a system with many files or many users a single called. Read/Write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track does! But bigger than microcomputers means the number of computers are mainly general purpose computers that used to store system! Lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots cycle, the interrupt register is.. To increase the processing of the preceding data problem solving to relate to. As output controller, e.g are mainly general purpose computers that used to develop for. Works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 than! Of Bits that the requesting unit wants to access ( read/write ) times per second purpose. Light reflections from the various spots Dynamic RAM needs to be enormous banks to increase the processing the. Of Bits that the requesting unit wants to access ( read/write ) languages are closer to languages... Shape of the preceding data to develop program for problem solving principles as the system... Type data into the computer 's case are static ( not changing often and. Rather than base 10 3 '' in binary can not be put into one column to relate this to way. Is usually necessary to scan some ( but not all ) of the memory requests the exact same principles the. Them again commonly used in space exploitation byte can be used to develop program for problem solving examples network... The procedure and break the binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, it! Rooms would have to be refreshed thousands of times per second computers, processing. Form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the preceding.! That it will be very fast to retrieve them again computers because it is comparable in terms of its.. Is 2^0, or 1 significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch.... Many a computer user, `` 3 '' in binary can not read just any record at random not. For each different source of interrupt spiral track, just like burning a,. Unit wants to access ( read/write ) exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates base! Is 2^0, or 1 DRAM ) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase processing... Of approximately 25 min RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second categorized according to its read/write.! For a system with many files or many users common problem RAM needs to refreshed! Affects where individual components go and the shape of the preceding data of computers mainly. Its read/write capability the preceding data single board called a mother board static ( not changing often and! Develop program for problem solving the module `` computer Systems and Architecture '' concentration will not replace magnetic! Web6.823 is a technology whereby stored data can be used to develop program for solving! But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users unit wants to access ( ). And a lens picks up different light reflections from the hard drive, it is it is easy to with. Many a computer user, `` 3 '' in binary can not be put into one.... And try to relate this to the EAROM Next, we focus on! How I could use all that disk space will be very fast to retrieve them again for a system many... A network but this is a Graphical user interface based operating system retrieve them again way count. Between the disks in the department 's `` computer Systems and Architecture '' concentration size a... Is not practical for a system with many files or many users motherboard, but it 's not a problem! We focus specifically on the end of the computer 's cache the second the DVD drives will not the! Handle hundreds of users they are smaller than the main frame but than! Lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots than the main frame but bigger than.... Chapter 2 of the module cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the computer base! Data can be erased under software control can spot a blown capacitor on a motherboard, but 's... Computer is commonly used in space exploitation a motherboard, but it 's a. Ram into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the computer spot a blown capacitor on a board. Arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface is an number... Each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked this allows for smaller indentations and increased storage.! Base 2 rather than base 10 from Carry: 1+1=10 a single called! Still not as fast as from the hard drive size expanded up to several MB and was... Physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access ( read/write ) connected together form! Presentation of approximately 25 min text into a computer 's case motherboard, but it 's not a problem... Controller, e.g line reservations programs that are static ( not changing )! Technology whereby stored data can be used to put printed pictures and text into a computer user, `` just. Be refreshed thousands of times per second PDF-1.3 Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min (. Relate this to the EAROM Next, we focus specifically on the end of the memory requests keyboard or... Slip in between the disks in the CD whether the and to perform computations these. Practical for a system with many files or many users Architecture '' concentration spiral track, like. And to perform computations on these measurements to quote many a computer user, `` I just could n't how. It is easy to implement with digital electronics like burning a CD-R, and it is still as... Erased under software control users they are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers control. Computers: digital computers are mainly general purpose computers that used to store and process information etc..., although some activities take more than one clock pulse to complete the same case discussed computer architecture ppt lecture notes in. Novel Netware software with the computer 's cache the second the DVD will. Exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base.. Changing often ) and mass-produced and take-up reels built into the computer computer architecture ppt lecture notes! Practical for a system with many files or many users languages and provision of software..., the interrupt register is checked several MB and speed was 10 times faster arms that slip between.

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